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BC Hosking TM Griffiths RG Woodgate RB Besier AS Le Feuvre P Nilon C Trengove KJ Vanhoff BG Kaye-Smith W Seewald 《Australian veterinary journal》2009,87(11):455-462
Objective To determine the efficacy of monepantel, a developmental compound from the amino-acetonitrile derivative class of anthelmintics, against field infections of gastrointestinal nematodes in sheep.
Procedures Comparisons of efficacy (using standard faecal worm egg count reduction tests) and safety (on the basis of visual observations) were made in a large-scale field study in Australia, between groups of sheep treated with either an oral solution of monepantel or a registered anthelmintic. The sheep were naturally infected with the major gastrointestinal nematode genera present in Australia.
Results The post-treatment efficacy results for monepantel were: at 7 days (±1 day) efficacy was >98%; at 14 days (±1 day) it was generally close to or >99%; and at 21 days (±1 day) efficacy was consistently >99%. A high proportion of the targeted nematode populations were confirmed as being resistant to one or more of the currently available anthelmintic classes.
Conclusions Monepantel when used under field conditions at a minimum dose rate of 2.5 mg/kg was highly effective against mixed-genus natural field infections of the major gastrointestinal nematode genera including Haemonchus , Teladorsagia ( Ostertagia ), Trichostrongylus , Nematodirus , Chabertia and Oesophagostomum . This result included efficacy against some populations resistant to the currently available broad-spectrum anthelmintics. Few Cooperia spp. were present to allow confirmation of efficacy against this genus. On no occasion after treatment did any commercial anthelmintic-treated groups have significantly lower faecal egg counts than the monepantel-treated groups. Monepantel was safe for the target animals and human operators when used in a field situation. 相似文献
Procedures Comparisons of efficacy (using standard faecal worm egg count reduction tests) and safety (on the basis of visual observations) were made in a large-scale field study in Australia, between groups of sheep treated with either an oral solution of monepantel or a registered anthelmintic. The sheep were naturally infected with the major gastrointestinal nematode genera present in Australia.
Results The post-treatment efficacy results for monepantel were: at 7 days (±1 day) efficacy was >98%; at 14 days (±1 day) it was generally close to or >99%; and at 21 days (±1 day) efficacy was consistently >99%. A high proportion of the targeted nematode populations were confirmed as being resistant to one or more of the currently available anthelmintic classes.
Conclusions Monepantel when used under field conditions at a minimum dose rate of 2.5 mg/kg was highly effective against mixed-genus natural field infections of the major gastrointestinal nematode genera including Haemonchus , Teladorsagia ( Ostertagia ), Trichostrongylus , Nematodirus , Chabertia and Oesophagostomum . This result included efficacy against some populations resistant to the currently available broad-spectrum anthelmintics. Few Cooperia spp. were present to allow confirmation of efficacy against this genus. On no occasion after treatment did any commercial anthelmintic-treated groups have significantly lower faecal egg counts than the monepantel-treated groups. Monepantel was safe for the target animals and human operators when used in a field situation. 相似文献
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OBJECTIVE: To provide an integrated view of relationships between assessment of animal welfare. societal expectations regarding animal welfare standards, the need for regulation, and two ethical strategies for promoting animal welfare, emphasising farm animals. APPROACH: Ideas in relevant papers and key insights were outlined and illustrated, where appropriate, by New Zealand experience with different facets of the welfare management of farm animals. CONCLUSIONS: An animal's welfare is good when its nutritional, environmental, health, behavioural and mental needs are met. Compromise may occur in one or more of these areas and is assessed by scientifically-informed best judgement using parameters validated by directed research and objective analysis in clinical and practical settings. There is a wide range of perceptions of what constitutes good and bad welfare in society, so that animal welfare standards cannot be left to individual preferences to determine. Rather, the promotion of animal welfare is seen as requiring central regulation, but managed in a way that allows for adjustments based on new scientific knowledge of animals' needs and changing societal perceptions of what is acceptable and unacceptable treatment of animals. Concepts of 'minimal welfare', representing the threshold of cruelty, and 'acceptable welfare', representing higher, more acceptable standards than those that merely avoid cruelty, are outlined. They are relevant to economic analyses, which deal with determinants of animal welfare standards based on financial costs and the desire of the public to feel broadly comfortable about the treatment of the animals that are used to serve their needs. Ethical strategies for promoting animal welfare can be divided broadly into the 'gold standard' approach and the 'incremental improvement' approach. The first defines the ideal that is to be required in a particular situation and will accept nothing less than that ideal, whereas the second aims to improve welfare in a step-wise fashion by setting a series of achievable goals, seeing each small advance as worthwhile progress towards the same ideal. 'Incremental improvement' is preferred. This also has application in veterinary practice where the professional commitment to maintain good welfare standards may at times conflict with financial constraints experienced by clients. 相似文献
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K. J. N. Ndamukong M. M. H. Sewell M. F. Asanji 《Tropical animal health and production》1989,21(3):191-196
Mortality rates and the prevalence of disease were assessed in 115 flocks of traditionally managed sheep and goats in two Divisions of the North West Province of Cameroon by means of a questionnaire to the owners. The mortality rate was significantly higher in sheep than in goats and also higher in young stock than in adults. Tethering the animals during the day resulted in significantly lower mortality in both adult and young sheep and also in kids. Disease problems of small ruminants, identified on the basis of signs reported by their owners, included intestinal parasitism, especially helminthiasis, tick infestation and associated diseases, pneumonia, goat plague (peste des petits ruminants) and Oestrus ovis infestation. Treatment of sick animals was only practised on a very small scale, often by possibly ineffective traditional methods. The owners identified tick infestation and diarrhoea as common causes of death. Recommendations are made on control measures suitable for application in this area. 相似文献
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Acepromazine, a phenothiazine tranquilizer, causes hypotension in standing horses ( Parry et al. 1982 ). However, a retrospective study ( Taylor & Young 1993 ) showed that acepromazine pre‐anesthetic medication did not affect arterial blood pressure (MAP) in anaesthetized horses. This study examined the effects of acepromazine on MAP during romifidine–ketamine–halothane anaesthesia in horses anaesthetized for various surgical procedures. Forty‐four horses were allocated by block randomization to groups A and B. Group A received acepromazine 0.05 mg kg?1 IM 30 minutes before induction of anaesthesia, group B did not. All horses received romifidine 0.1 mg kg?1 IV 5 minutes before anaesthesia was induced with diazepam 0.05 mg kg?1 and 2.2 mg kg?1 ketamine IV. The horses' trachea were intubated and horses breathed 50% oxygen and 50% nitrous oxide plus halothane (concentration adjusted as required clinically) from a circle breathing system. Nitrous oxide was discontinued after 10 minutes and analgesics, flunixin 1.1 mg kg?1 and either morphine 0.1 mg kg?1 or butorphanol 0.05 mg kg?1 (matched for horses undergoing the same procedure) administered IV. The facial or dorsal metatarsal artery was catheterized for direct measurement of MAP (every 10 min) and withdrawal of blood for gas analysis (every 30 min). The electrocardiogram (ECG) was monitored continuously with a 10 seconds printout obtained every 10 minutes. Intermittent positive pressure ventilation (IPPV) was instigated if PaCO2 exceeded 9.3 kPa (70 mm Hg). Dobutamine was infused (1.0–5.0 kg?1minute?1) if MAP < 58 mm Hg and was continued until MAP > 70 mm Hg. Mean age, weight and duration of anaesthesia were compared between the groups using a t‐test for independent samples. Gender distribution and numbers of horses requiring IPPV or dobutamine were compared between groups using a chi‐squared test (with Yates correction). To compare MAP over time, the area under the curve (MAPAUC) was calculated and compared between groups using a t‐test. Horses receiving dobutamine were excluded from MAPAUC and MAP comparisons. The ECG printouts were examined for arrhythmias. There were no significant differences between groups (p > 0.05). Group A contained three stallions, 10 geldings and nine mares, aged 6.3 years (range 0.75–18). Group B comprised eight stallions, 11 geldings and three mares aged 7.3(1–16) years. Duration of anaesthesia was group A 97 (50–140) minutes, group B 99 (50–160) minutes. Eight horses in group A and three in group B required IPPV. Nine horses in group A and four in group B received dobutamine. Mean arterial pressure ranged from 60 to 128 mm Hg in group A and 58–96 mm Hg in group B. Mean MAPAUC was 5941 mm Hg minute?1 in group A, in B 6000 mm Hg minute?1. Atrial pre‐mature complexes were recorded from one horse in group B. No other arrhythmias were detected. Although MAP was lower in the acepromazine group, this appeared unlikely to cause a clinical problem. The incidence of arrhythmias was too low to determine the influence of acepromazine in this study. 相似文献